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The Jeanne Arnold and Barbara Lindquist Papers
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Jeanne Arnold (formerly Jeanne Chalekian) is a lesbian feminist author of Racine, Wisconsin. Arnold was born on November 14, 1931. She attended the University of Wisconsin-Racine Extension for two years and continued her bachelor’s degree in English education, library science, and journalism at UW—Madison, graduating in 1953. In 1952 she married Harry Chalekian and became the mother of two children. In the 1970s she divorced her husband to begin a life with her partner, Barbara Lindquist. Lindquist was born on May 25, 1930. She earned an associate degree from Wright Junior College in Chicago and a B.A. from UW-Parkside in 1971.
Arnold and Lindquist founded Mother Courage Bookstore and Art Gallery in Racine in 1978 to promote feminism and to establish a gathering place for women. In 1981 Phyllis E. Sweet asked them to publish her manuscript entitled Something Happened to Me, which addressed child sexual abuse. Mother Courage Press published 5000 copies. The press eventually published 25 books on the theme of abuse, feminism, feminist spirituality, and lesbianism.
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UWPMC017
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View from inside a crop circle
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View of a hill from a path leading to the crop circles.
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Crop Circles
Aliens
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2005-08
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UWPMC017CropCircle001
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England
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The Board of Regents of the University Wisconsin System
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UW-Parkside
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The Jeanne Arnold and Barbara Lindquist Papers, 1977-2009
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Carole Gottlieb Vopat Holocaust Survivor Speaker Series
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Adele Zaveduk
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5.4 Adele Zaveduk Presentation, 2009 1:20:49 UWP Manuscript Collection 018 Carole Gottlieb Vopat Holocaust Survivor Speaker Series UWPMC018 Carole Gottlieb Vopat Holocaust Survivor Speaker Series University of Wisconsin - Parkside Archives & ; Area Research Center Holocaust France Genocide Adele Zaveduk mp4 UWPMC018_Zaveduk_2004.mp4 1:|8(2)|16(7)|24(6)|33(8)|43(1)|53(12)|60(11)|68(2)|78(15)|88(6)|97(12)|106(5)|115(1)|122(3)|131(6)|140(1)|149(8)|157(12)|165(1)|175(6)|183(6)|191(15)|198(14)|207(14)|214(10)|223(16)|232(13)|240(2)|248(2)|256(12)|266(4)|272(10)|279(15)|287(1)|294(15)|303(2)|309(14)|317(3)|324(11)|333(8)|341(3)|349(10)|355(11)|361(13)|374(3)|381(12)|389(10)|397(1)|405(1)|412(5)|421(13)|430(11)|437(18)|447(14)|456(10)|465(10)|472(4)|485(10)|494(5)|501(7)|512(5) 0 https://archives.uwp.edu/files/video/UWPMC018_Zaveduk_2004.mp4 Other video English 0 France and the Arrival of War I was born in 1937, now you know how old I am, I was born to a normal family. My father, my mother, I was their oldest daughter, and in 1940 my younger sister was born. When did things change, there was already a lot of turmoil in Germany. It was bad, for everybody, but France felt like they were going to be able to defend themselves against them, they were wrong. Zaveduk talks about the beginning of the war in 1940 and how life began to change in France. 714 Leaving Paris And we went to a small town about a 175-180 miles from Paris, called Brou, it’s close to Chartres, where there is a big cathedral, in a medieval town, it’s absolutely unbelievable. Zaveduk describes how her family left Paris for the French countryside and how she was separated from her mother. 1166 Life in the Country with Madame Millar Madame Millar was an honest person, she was a good person, and now she had 5 children to take care of, and then I remember a while later a Jewish boy came to live with us, there were six. My mother had been taken to Auschwitz, she couldn’t send any money, and yet Madame Millar never did anything against us, never denounced us, she kept us. Zaveduk talks about her time living with Madame Millar, the woman who sheltered her and her sister during the war, and the hardship they endured. 1678 Arrival of the Allies and Life after the War In 1944, in the summer of 1944, we were all playing outside, there was no school, a lot of planes came by, I know it may seem ignorant to you, maybe naïve, but we had never seen a plane. We didn’t know what they were, and those things were flying very low, and we could see the face of the person that was piloting, and then all of a sudden, they passed over our little house, and they were turning around, turning around the small town, and then they start dropping bombs. Zaveduk talks about Brou’s liberation and the affects that the war had on her family going forward. 2679 Question and Answer What was the name of the city that you were living in that was liberated? Answer: Brou. It is a small town. Zaveduk answers questions about her experiences during and after the war. Oral History Adele Zaveduk, Holocaust survivor from France, recalls her experiences before, during, and after the Holocaust. Adele Zaveduk: As your professor just said, I was born in France. I know, talking about the Holocaust it seems like everything goes on in Germany, Poland, but you have to remember that Germany invaded all of Europe. And had made the decision to eliminate all of the Jewish people from all of Europe. So they reached all of it. I was born in 1937, now you know how old I am, I was born to a normal family. My father, my mother, I was their oldest daughter, and in 1940 my younger sister was born. When did things change, there was already a lot of turmoil in Germany. It was bad, for everybody, but France felt like they were going to be able to defend themselves against them, they were wrong. In 1940, Germany invaded France and divided France in 2 parts ; Free France which was the southern part of France, and northern France that was occupied. When the Germans came, they took over the government of course, and they brought with them all new laws and everything that they were doing in Germany, they implemented in France. My father was called back into the army, and this time was sent, that was early 1940, he was sent to North Africa. France had a colony there, and they had to defend their colonies too, so my father was sent to Algeria, and he helped the train that ran from Algeria, to Tunisia, almost all the way to Egypt. He was there for 2 years. My mother was left home with 2 small little girls, how she managed I have no idea, there' ; s no way I can even imagine. Things for us, everyday became more and more difficult, for her especially. Paris was all quiet, so at night you couldn' ; t have light because they were afraid they were going to be bombarded, all the windows had to be covered, and everybody was in their house and in the streets was very insecure. Jews were told to report to the police station, and when they registered they were given a yellow star, no they weren' ; t given, they had to purchase a yellow star and sew it on their coat, and they were not allowed to go in the street if they didn' ; t have the yellow star. Now France being very generous decided that children under 5 years old didn' ; t need the yellow star. Now I was not 5 so I never had the star, and this haunted me that I find out that it-- That children under 5 didn' ; t need it but every time I look at pictures or I study the Holocaust you see children from Poland, from different countries, from Europe, they all have a yellow star. But children from France didn' ; t need it by then. We were not allowed to go to the park, we were not allowed to you know. Jewish people had a car it was taken away from them, very few people had a car in those days, and if they owned a business it was taken away. Little by little their rights were taken away. Grocery shopping, it sounds like nothing, but they were only allowed to go to the store between 2 and 3 o' ; clock in the afternoon. Well if you work, that isn' ; t very easy, and there was a ration, but the ration was for everyone. But they had to show a document, and on the document it shows in Europe, you are born with a religion. Your parents are catholic, you are catholic. Your parents are protestant ; you are protestant. And for the rest of your life, for the government, you are the religion of your parent. So Jewish people, and Jewish children were Jews. So everyone had their document, and you had to carry your document because it had your picture on it, there was a big J stamped in red that shows that you were a Jew. So if she went to the store before or after you were supposed to, they would not sell to you. Jewish people were not allowed on the Metro, the Metro is the subway, you weren' ; t allowed to take the train, I mean it was difficult. In 1942, my father was released from the army and came back to Paris to live with us. By then it was very dangerous, because by then the Germans were rounding up all the young men and sending them to Germany to work as slaves, so they make them work, seven days a week from morning till night. So my father didn' ; t really want to get caught so he wasn' ; t living with us because by then the French police would come to our apartment quite often, in the middle of the night, in the middle of the day and knock on the door, and look for my father. They still didn' ; t have an order to take the women and the children, but it was common. In July of 1942 the Germans gave the order to take all the Jews, sick from the hospital, old people, young people, babies, man or woman. They took them all in one day, and that day raided all of Paris and took 12,900 people into the Velodrome d' ; Hiver. It is like a sports arena ; the velodrome is where we race bicycles. They kept them there between 7 and 10 days. No food, no water, it was July it was very hot, people got sick, it was horrendous. My mother was able to escape that raid, because in the same building that we live and this was before there were apartment buildings, there was a gentleman that worked for the police station he wasn' ; t a policeman, he worked inside, and he was friends with my parents, and he went down to my mother and said " ; please stay home today, don' ; t go out" ; or he would say " ; get out and don' ; t come back until tonight" ; because they are searching that area of Paris. And I remember a lot of times and there are children here so they will understand that, he would tell us that because we lived in Paris there were only apartment buildings and there were no electronic doors or nothing, there was a concierge, a person that was in charge of the building, that would clean the building and check the building, open the door, close the door, and continue with everyone' ; s life. So my mother would take her two little girls and go out and talk to the concierge, but what the concierge didn' ; t know is that my mother would turn around the building, and I will show you later a picture, it was next to the building where we lived, Paris is not flat, not like around here, so the front of the building was on one level, and the back of the building was on another level on another street because there was an inclination there, a little hill, I won' ; t call it a mountain but you know what I mean. So there were steps carved in the stone to go to the street above. So my mother would take us, the two of us, and she would walk around the building and knock on the window of the neighbor and you would come out from the front he was on the second floor, if you come from the street from behind it was on the street level. And he would open the window, and help us crawl into his apartment, through the window, and my mother would be sure to take off our shoes, and we' ; d tip toe to our fourth floor apartment, and we stay there, very very quiet, so if the French police came to look for us, the concierge would say " ; they went out, they didn' ; t come back yet" ; . So you can see this is a very passive way of resisting them, my mother did whatever she could. My father was taken during that raid in Paris, and sent to the velodrome. Was kept there about ten days and from there sent to a detention camp in the outskirts of Paris called Drancy, and from there, all the Jews were sent to Drancy, and from there, all of them, 120,000 Jews, from France, were sent to Germany to Auschwitz. When my mother realized that my father was not around, she knew she had to take something, a very drastic measure. She has to do to something, because even though they say that people didn' ; t know what was happening, and it' ; s not true, they knew that something bad was happening to the Jews, they didn' ; t know what, but they knew. They were taken to the work camps, called the concentration camp in those days, something was happening because people were talking about it. So my mother found a family in the country side that they agreed to take us. And keep-- I mean full-time babysitter, how do you say it, I don' ; t know. Nourrice they call them over there. So my mother decided she has to do something, she talked to my aunt, her sister, and asked if she wanted to bring her little girl with us, and my aunt refused, she said she cannot separate from my girl, of course later on they were caught and sent to Auschwitz and they didn' ; t come back. So my mother took her two little girls, to take the train she had to take off her yellow star, and deliberately she forgot her document because her document was stamped with a J for Jew, and she took very little clothes with us because she didn' ; t want to catch anyone' ; s attention. So we took the train, we were excited, what child isn' ; t excited taking the train. And we went to a small town about a 175-180 miles from Paris, called Brou, it' ; s close to Chartres, where there is a big cathedral, in a medieval town, it' ; s absolutely unbelievable. So when she arrived in that small town, and she looked for Madame Millar that' ; s the name of the lady that took us in, Madame Millar. She found that little house, it was in the poorest part of town, by the way it was a tiny town, our bedroom was on the second floor, there were two rooms, no washroom, no running water, no gas, there was electricity, that I remember but that' ; s it. And we were going to live there with -- and 3 of her own children. I am sure that she took us in because they were very poor people. Her and her daughter used to go and wash laundry and people' ; s houses, because at the house in those days' ; no one had a washing machine, so they figure if they get some Jewish children and keep them, they will be paying for it because my mother was (unintelligible), wanted to pay her. So my mother took us there and saw the condition of the house and I' ; m sure my mother was very disappointed and she asked Madame Millar to take care of us and she was going to try to find work in the surrounding farms, because the men were in the army or taken prisoner or in the underground, so really they needed working hands and my mother was not afraid to work. So Madame Millar, thinking that my mother was going to look for a better place for us to be went and denounced, Madame Millar, denounced my mother to the gendarme. Gendarme is the ruler of police in France. They looked for my mother, forced her to go back to the train station, where she had to take the train back to Paris, and when she arrived to Paris she was home for about a couple of weeks, and one day when she was on the streets, she had to go out and get some supplies, she was arrested, I don' ; t know how to use that word because it' ; s wrong, she was stopped on the street by two teenagers, my mother was petite like I was, and they drag her, they force her to go with them to the police station, where they turned her in, because she was Jewish, they were giving cash rewards for turning in their neighbors, they had done anything to them, (unintelligible) so from there she was taken to Drancy, and a few months later she was sent to Auschwitz. Before I talk about my parents, because even though my father was taken in 1942, in August of 1942, and my mother was taken in 1942, in September she was taken to Drancy, and in 1943, in February of 1943 she was taken to Auschwitz, I have documents that shows it, but my sister and I, were one of the few lucky children, that both parents came back, survived Auschwitz. 6 million people died, they did not. So when I mentioned that Madame Millar denounced my mother, it' ; s because my mother told me, much later on, which she did about 15 years ago. So it' ; s something that I' ; m talking about and it' ; s the truth. So when my mother took us there, she never told us why she was taking us, where she was taking us and when. We had no idea that we were Jewish because she never talked about it. She knew it would be a death sentence if we were stopped in the street and asked any question, children are very innocent and very young and so they would say " ; I went to the synagogue" ; instead of saying church, so I had no background, who and where, nothing. And because she was not able to come back that night to see us, she never said goodbye. Let me tell you, years and years, I' ; m talking a lot of years for me to forgive myself, because I was angry with my mother, very very angry. Why did she leave us, why did she abandon us? When you are 5 years old you don' ; t understand that sacrifice that this woman made for her children. She didn' ; t know if she was going to see us again, or us her. She wanted us to survive, and she tried her best. But when you are 5 years old, that doesn' ; t go very far and we felt abandoned, it was very painful, we cried a lot, what could she go do, where can we go, you need an adult to help you, you need food you need shelter, we were in a strange town, and we didn' ; t know anybody, but at the same time children are very resilient and very very fast to adjust to different conditions, and we did. Madame Millar was an honest person, she was a good person, and now she had 5 children to take care of, and then I remember a while later a Jewish boy came to live with us, there were six. My mother had been taken to Auschwitz, she couldn' ; t send any money, and yet Madame Millar never did anything against us, never denounced us, she kept us. She shared everything with us, her house, and let me explain, it was very very humble, there were two beds, one big bed in a room for the children, and we slept 6 children in one bed. 3 at the foot, 3 at the headboard. And she slept in the other room with her daughter on the other bed. Food we ate when there was food, when there wasn' ; t food we didn' ; t eat And when I talk to school children, as I do quite often, I have to explain to them we didn' ; t eat not because we didn' ; t like what she cooked, she had nothing to cook. Because we lived in the country she was able to go and find some potatoes, but worse than anything, turnips and as an adult I cannot even look at them. They aren' ; t bad, but that was our diet most of the time. It was not good tasting. As far as clothing, we had very little, because she had very little and her children had grown, but the people she was working for, washing their laundry they were very nice and gave us old clothes so we would wear whatever the people gave her. In the summer we walked barefoot because she couldn' ; t afford shoes, we didn' ; t have shoes. In the winter a neighbor in the small town used to do with pieces of wood would carve out little clogs, and that' ; s what shoes we would wear, but to keep our feet warm, of course we had no socks we wrapped them in newspaper. And the newspaper would get wet because it does rain in France, it does snow in France, the newspaper got wet, we didn' ; t read the newspaper, we were using the old newspapers that people were giving her, to light the fire, to keep our feet warm. So you can see it was difficult. I was lucky because right away I went to school, kindergarten, 1st, 2nd, 3rd grade. My sister followed up, but not the first year, because she was too young and they could not afford to send her to nursery school so she spent a lot of time with them. And everyone has a different memory but she remembers being beaten a lot, (unintelligible) and until today, she is a doctor and has a degree in law and if you approach her and she doesn' ; t see you coming and you want to touch her face because maybe there is something there, the first thing she does. So you can imagine that 60 almost 70 years later on its still there you cannot come real close to her because these things so she must have been beaten a lot. Like I said I was lucky because I was in school, and because I was a little bit older and I could go outside to play, I don' ; t know, or maybe she was more troublesome than I was I don' ; t know. I just know that things weren' ; t very easy. Also because she was at home she remembers things that I have no idea, sometimes we talk about when I see her, she lives in (unintelligible) she told me there were a lot of males coming to the house, well I don' ; t know about that, but she does I never wanted to know an explanation I didn' ; t want to know detail but it had changed her from the happy little child that she was to an unhappy person. My sister I love her ; we get along very well but she' ; s she has something set in her that I don' ; t want to go into too deep because I know (unintelligible). We lived a normal life, I thought it was normal there were more kids than (unintelligible). One day we were sick with chicken pox, there was no vaccine in those days, and we' ; re home, the 6 of us, there were 6 kids with chicken pox I don' ; t know how she could manage but we were in bed, the one bed, and we heard very heavy footsteps and the door opened and we heard a German voice say " ; Madame Millar" ; and they were looking for the Juden kid, and Madame heard them coming up, so she took the 3 of us, the little boy, my sister and myself, and pushed us under the bed. And the German stood at the door and realized the kids were sick and he never walked in. Now from under the bed I was able to see 3 pairs of black boots, there were that many, I will never forget that, but they never walked into the room, maybe they were afraid to catch the chicken pox, and I don' ; t blame them. Later on, I was about 7 years old, but I wished they had come, not realizing they were there for us and being killed right there, but in my child' ; s imagination I was thinking maybe the whole German army will get chicken pox. Well I was wrong, because they never walked into the room and adults can' ; t catch the chicken pox. But it' ; s funny how a child imagines. Like I said, life was normal, what we accepted to be normal, as far as our parents, father hadn' ; t been with us since 1940, my sister had no idea who he was, I vaguely remembered him, I had some picture where my father was (unintelligible) other than that, he was not living with us every day, he was in the army for 2 years, so I don' ; t know. And women, because that separation had been so painful, we just assumed we had no mother. So we were happy, we had Madame Millar, we called her Meme, which is the name for grandma, so that was it. In 1944, in the summer of 1944, we were all playing outside, there was no school, a lot of planes came by, I know it may seem ignorant to you, maybe naïve, but we had never seen a plane. We didn' ; t know what they were, and those things were flying very low, and we could see the face of the person that was piloting, and then all of a sudden, they passed over our little house, and they were turning around, turning around the small town, and then they start dropping bombs. Well I have to tell you, that when you watch a movie, or you watch TV, and you see things blowing up, they do blow up, but it' ; s not glamorous. It' ; s the most scary, frightening thing that can happen to you, in a word it is not fun. My sister was hurt in the leg, for months she couldn' ; t walk. Houses were destroyed, people perished, the smell was unbearable, because things burned in the house. They were British soldiers, they were not trying to bomb our house, and they were trying to destroy the railroad, because the Germans were using the railroad that was going through our little town, to bring reinforcements to the front. So by destroying the railroad, they couldn' ; t use the trains. It didn' ; t take long, they repaired them and used them again but those were in that small town stayed for a very long time, and memory has a strange way of bringing up things, I remember the morning of 9/11, my son called me on his way to work, he called me from his car, " ; mom please turn on the T.V." ; I said " ; What' ; s going on its 8 in the morning." ; " ; Mom put the T.V. on, don' ; t ask." ; Of course I saw what was happening, and the smell, the smoke, the smell of smoke that I had witnessed when I was 8 years old was in my house. I could smell the smoke that was happening in New York, there was no smoke in my house, but the impact was so tremendous I felt like I was back in France, so it stays with you, and any little thing can trigger it. In 1944, later ' ; 44 they invaded Normandy, and little by little they invaded every small town. Because we were in the northern part of France, not far from Normandy our town was one of the first one that was liberated. One day a huge convoy of tanks, have you ever seen a tank? You never saw a war tank? Did you? Did you? No? They are big. They are huge. (Inaudible) I' ; m sure up close I' ; ve seen them. They are very big, very scary but they were driven by American people. They were liberating us, everybody was happy, singing, crying, kissing each other. There was an American soldier standing on top of the tank because they were not allowed to go down. There were a few Germans that were taken prisoner and they were moved to the side, and they were very nice to us. I' ; m going to ask you some questions, guess what day it is. But speaking English we didn' ; t really understand it, we spoke French, but they were very nice to us, you want to guess? No? You shy? Well they were very nice, they threw us candy, my little sister, she was lucky, she got a life saver which she ate immediately and when I see her, I' ; m going to see her next month, I take a box of life savers for her, and you know she' ; s an old lady now like me and she still puts them away and hides them and don' ; t share. Those are her candy. I was not lucky, do you want to know what I got? Chicklets. Gum. There was no gum in Europe. But it was very pretty, the box was yellow not orange, I couldn' ; t find a yellow one. So I put the candy in my mouth and it sticks to my teeth, and I spit it out of course. But I kept the little yellow box because it was the only thing I owned that was mine. I kept it for one year, until I got back to Paris. But this was mine. We didn' ; t own any toys, we didn' ; t have anything, the few pieces of clothing that we had to share among us. There was no my sweater or your skirt it was this sweater and this skirt. And whoever needs it gets it, and if it' ; s a little small, well too bad. So the town was liberated, that night there was a bonfire in the small town, everyone was very happy, some men were able to come back and live with their family, but as far as our situation nothing had changed. We didn' ; t know nothing, there was no television, there was no radio, Madame was too poor to buy a newspaper, and in those days adults never talked about nothing with their children, children were supposed to be quiet, seen and not heard so we didn' ; t know anything that was going on. So we didn' ; t know really what was going on. We knew what was going on surrounding us, but as far as the war, absolutely not. Until May of 1945, that part of France was liberated in summer 1944 so we' ; re talking 11 months later a man came to visit Madame Millar. He talked to her and said to her that he was our father, he wanted to see us and he couldn' ; t take us back to Paris now but he would come back and get us, and when Madame said that to us we were absolutely devastated. We didn' ; t know him, we didn' ; t remember him, he had the nerve to come and say he was our father, we didn' ; t know him. It took about 2-3 months and my father came back and that day he was to take us, that weekend. I cannot describe the scene at the train station, we held on to Madame Millars Skirt, we were begging, crying, asking Jesus to help us because not knowing that we were Jews we went to church, so Madame Millar shared her catholic religion with us and I became very very good, so um as kids that' ; s when you learn, 8 years old 8 and a half. So we kept begging in Jesus name for him not to take us but she didn' ; t have no choice, so we got on the train with my father we ride all the way to Paris, but when we got there he didn' ; t have anywhere to keep us, he didn' ; t get his apartment back, he took us to an orphanage that had opened the doors to take in the Jewish children that had been found around the country so that if someone had survived they could find them, a grandparent, a relative, someone, sadly 99% of the children were left orphans. Most of them later on were smuggled into Palestine and later on became Israel, and by the way today is the day of the creation of Israel. Perfect for this talk. So we were there with the children and that' ; s where I lost my little chicklet box because they took away our clothes, they gave us new clothes and they took away everything we had so the little box went. We were in the orphanage for about 3 months, we woke up on a Sunday, we had clothes, we were fed, and the only problem was I was separated from my sister. And it was very very painful, because we had been together all the time, but I can understand the logistic of separating children by age so they can go to school. In that time is was very painful for us. One Sunday the gentleman that said he was our father, he was, came with a lady, well that woman was hysterical, she was crying she wanted to hug us, she wanted to touch us, she wanted to kiss us, she said don' ; t you know me I am your mother, don' ; t you know me? Well no, we had forgotten her, we didn' ; t have a mother, and we had Madame Millar. And it was hard enough to be separated from her, and it was hard enough to accept those two people. When the French government gave them back their apartment, where they got furniture, a place to sit at, a table I had no idea, because we were two young children, that' ; s a parents job. So we went to live together again, my sister accepted my mother immediately, I was very rebellious, very much in pain. And for one year I wouldn' ; t let her touch me, or comb my hair, I accepted that she cooked the food and the clothes that she gave us, but I didn' ; t want to talk to her, I didn' ; t want nothing, I can' ; t imagine how much pain I inflicted on her. I was not mean, I was angry and I could not believe she was my mother. But after a year, she was so nice, she was so patient that I went to her and I said " ; you must be my real mother because nobody has been so nice to me" ; and since then I accepted her, but the bond between mother and daughter had was cut, it was never the same. My sister and I, we loved her respected her, we cared for her, we would have done anything for her, but something was missing, we weren' ; t able to get to that closeness again. Another things, because I had gone almost 4 years to Catholicism, I wanted to do my first communion and my mother kept saying " ; Jewish children don' ; t do first communion" ; but I didn' ; t know what Jewish do or does or don' ; t do, I had no idea what they do because I was completely. My parents were no traditionalist and that' ; s because they had suffered through the concentration camps, I can understand some people turned toward religion and became very religious, some people kind of accepted the fact that what happened and turned away from what happened. We just from there-- (inaudible) In 1948 my brother was born. My brother was born on April 23, and I know most of you are not from the Jewish faith, but in the Jewish faith when a boy is circumcised at 8 days, it is part of religious tradition and my mother didn' ; t want my brother circumcised because she felt that that' ; s how they find out that the boys were Jews, like that and most of the Jews that survived were girls because they couldn' ; t find out their religion you know, she -- but believe it or not, 61 years ago Israel was born, not that we' ; re talking about Israel but it just happened, and in those days when a mother had a baby she stayed there for 8 days and before she went home she heard that the United Nations had granted Israel the title of the country, it is a state for the Jews, he will have a home, and she had my brother circumcised. (inaudible) In a nutshell I can tell you a lot more details, but I' ; m sure that you have some questions, and if you ask me I will be honest in answering them. Any questions. Question: What was the name of the city that you were living in that was liberated? Zaveduk: Brou. It is a small town Question: where is that near? Zaveduk: Chartres. (Inaudible) It is a little town, it is still there, and the roads are not straight. Question: When did you come to the United States and why? Zaveduk: When did I come to the United States? In 1951, my father who had worked for 3 years in the concentration camps in the mines, and because of that work he died of a heart attack, leaving my mother with 3 small children. There was no family left in Paris, there was one cousin left, everybody else had been killed. My uncles, my aunts, my cousins there was no one. How much I envied the kids that used to say on the weekends I went to visit my grandparents, we didn' ; t have that so. My mother had some family living in Argentina that had been there since the beginning of the century, and she knew about them and she had the address and everything, so my mother wrote to them, so my mother went to the council in Paris, the council from Argentina, and she was denied a visa because we were Jews. So even so even then all the Germans, the S.S. were coming to Argentina after the war to hide, they wouldn' ; t let us in, so my mother went to Bolivia, the council of Bolivia, and they gave us a visa. The problem was it takes 3 weeks to cross the ocean. Um you have to go to the West side because you cannot get there from boat because it' ; s a landlocked country so we had to go to Buenos Aires to find a place to stay, and I stayed there, My mother stayed there, she died there, my sister is still there, my brother stayed there then he came to the states. I got married in Buenos Aries, I went to school, I learned to speak Spanish, um and my first son was born and then there was an up rise of antisemitism in Buenos Aries, nothing that you could feel personally because my husband never feel it, he was of Jewish faith didn' ; t feel it, but I couldn' ; t go in the street. It made me sick, when I read, " ; help your country kill Jews" ; . Inaudible- it just tore me apart so I asked him if we could move and he said " ; yeah where do you want to go?" ; I said I want to go to Canada because I speak French, but they wouldn' ; t let us in because he wasn' ; t in the profession they were looking for, he was an electronics engineer but they didn' ; t need any of that. So we went to the American embassy and two weeks and we got the permission to come and that was in 1962 and since then I' ; m here. And I never talked about what happened to me until about 18 years ago. My mother who lived in Argentina used to come and visit me once a year, once every 2 years, and there was a museum a small museum Skokie Holocaust Foundation, and somebody who was working there asked me if my mother would go in and be taped and I said I cannot ask her, you ask her. So she asked my mother and my mother said yes. So she went there, made a tape and asked for her testimony and really that' ; s the first time that I talked to my mother about what happened during the war because I had never asked her any questions and I was already quite older by then, and I said mother how come you didn' ; t talk about those things? And she looked at me very seriously and she said why didn' ; t you ask? I said I didn' ; t ask because I didn' ; t want to bring back sad memories and she said and I didn' ; t tell you because I didn' ; t want to burden you with my sad past. So we were kind of protecting each other, in the wrong way, but I didn' ; t want to upset her and she didn' ; t want to upset me so I never asked her any questions. But when thinking back when we lived together in Paris, when my father was alive, a few of their friends had survived you know they went to visit homes and when they were they would visit them, there were really very few friends, of family there was none so they would talk, very open because everybody lives in a small apartment you didn' ; t think you were being loud and the kids were in the same room, uh I heard a lot of stories but I was too young to understand what was happening, what had happened to them, you know I was 9 years old, 10 years old there is no way you can grasp the enormity of what had happened to them and what had happened to the Jewish community. So as you go on you have to learn and you have to stomach it. My mother had a number on her arm, and my father had a number on his arm too. I am very lucky I have a picture of my family because my mother before she passed us to Madame Millar, there was the gentleman that worked in the police station that was friends with our family, she gave him our pictures, our family pictures and she gave him whatever jewelry she had. He kept them until after the war, and when my mother came back he gave it to her, so I am one of the few people that has pictures, I have mementos after she passed on and I have them. Not all of them my sister has some too. I have a picture of me as a baby, as a young girl. Any more questions? Yes? Question: What happened to Madame Millar? Zaveduk: What happened to Madame Millar? Well, we came back to live in Paris, (Inaudible). I remember one day Madame Millar came to visit us in Paris, it was a very awkward situation, because we wanted to run to her, I wanted to run to her and hug her and kiss her but at the same time I had heard the story that my mother and father had talked about and I knew how much they had suffered so we stayed there, we didn' ; t do anything, my sister and I we stayed there like two logs and she stayed there for maybe an hour and she went away and I never saw her or heard about her again. Also my mother wanted me, wanted us to forget her. So the first thing, don' ; t think about it, it' ; s over, it didn' ; t happened, whatever happened it' ; s over. And this had happened to most of the survivors, people didn' ; t want them to talk, people didn' ; t want them to hear their stories, they were too painful, even if they needed to talk about their experiences but people wouldn' ; t let them so they just shut up about it and I guess they did talk after, my parents did talk about it, and I did the same I guess. Because about 20 years ago in my synagogue they had asked me " ; oh you come from Europe, and then moved to Argentina you must have tremendous memories." ; But I never talked about it ever and I said no, and they said why not. There was a service, once a year there was a service, inaudible. Instead of a sermon a lady would come and tell her story, the subject that night was how was your youth, so one lady talked about remembering being with her grandparents and all of that and I said I will talk, and this is really the first time I talked about it, I had never said anything. My husband knew my father and mother were in a concentration camp, he knew what he knew but I never talked about it. So that speech I asked my son to type it for me on the computer, in a special way you know double space so I can read it, and he did it for me very pleasantly no problem, and after, you know a few weeks later, I said " ; Nick what did you think about my speech?" ; and he said yeah it was ok and I said do you have any questions? He said mother, I know there was always a line, an invisible line that we knew we couldn' ; t cross. And is aid but that' ; s not true and he said but that' ; s what you did. And I must have shut it out much closed shut because my son never asked, never asked me about it. Inaudible. Anymore questions? Question: Have you ever read the book Yellow Star? Zaveduk: Read who? Question: Read the book Yellow Star? Zaveduk: Yes. Are you reading it? Have you read it? I am going to tell you a story because you are very special. When my father was liberated by the Russians, so because he was a citizen of France he was sent back to France, immediately, most of the people, there were 3000 people that survived concentration camps that were liberated had no country to go back to, so they went to DP camps, displaced persons camps, so my father went to Paris and that' ; s where he looked for us, and by the way he found out where we were because my mother had given the address to the gentleman who kept the pictures, so incase my father came looking for us he could know where we were. That' ; s how he found us. My mother was liberated a little bit later and she was taken by the Red Cross, some of the ladies were taken to Denmark and some to Sweden. And they were there for about 3 months because they were very sick. So they were feeding them and given new clothes and they were kept in the hospital for about a month, and after that they were sent to families, and then when they were ready to go back to Paris the king of Sweden said to them, does anyone remember his name? Wasn' ; t his name Christian? It was. And all the ladies wanted a souvenir, you know what a souvenir is? So he pulled off the buttons of his vest and gave all of them a button, he took the --, you know the things they were on the shoulders/ he took that and gave it to another lady. But my mother still was there and he had nothing left to give her, because he couldn' ; t take off his jacket, and he had a little pin on his vest, and before you leave today come see it, so when you read the book you can envision it. (Inaudible) Question: Why did the, why did Madame turn your mother in but still keep you? Zaveduk: Well Madame Millar did not want to turn her into the Germans, she turned her into the French, she wanted her to get back to Paris, and she wanted to give her the chance to find another place for us, because she was counting on the money from us and my mother 2 weeks later was taken away. Question: is she a righteous gentile? Zaveduk: I don' ; t know. (Inaudible) To me she was one. Those are the people that helped Jews survive. I went to France again 17 years ago, for the first time, I didn' ; t want to go before because I was afraid. And we rented a car (inaudible). I knew where the school was, I knew where the church was, it was like being back home. There was no one in the house where we lived because it was a small street and there were two homes, one on one side, and one of the right, and the newspaper of the town was using the house where we lived as a storage space, there were very nice, they even let us in. Things had changed inside, but the wallpaper, the windows, the floor, it was still the same. It was very eerie to be in, it was very strange it felt like a ghost was walking with me. Then we decided to go to the school, the school is a very small school and the director of the school talked with us for about 10 minutes and then said you know I have to go back and teach can you come back after school? So we came back after school and he showed us books, but only the boy' ; s books because there were girl' ; s books and there were boy' ; s books, we were not together, there was girl' ; s school there was boy school. The girl' ; s books were lost so he showed us the boy' ; s books of that time. And my husband goes how come you have them here so handy? And he said someone came in about 6 months ago looking for them and he kept the books out right there in his room. So we ask him about Millar, Madame Millar and he said well she passed away but her daughter lives here if you want I will take you to her. We had rented a car so that we can go and he can show us where her daughter of Madame Millar lives. It' ; s a small broken down house, he went in and knocked on the door, she came to the door and she looked at him. Because in a small town the director of the school has certain responsibilities and he said to her in French there is someone here would like to talk to you about when you were a little girl. So she looked at my husband and she looked at me and she said in French -- oh my god, who are you Adele or --. So I looked at her and I said I am Adele and she said please come in, she never invited my husband in so he had to wait on this courtyard. I went in and her family was there, her husband was out of work -- I mean a very unstable family but there' ; s no need for me to talk about that. But we talk a little bit, she told me about her mother and her grandmother, brother and sister, she told me about her life, she was not too curious about mine but I live in America, I was a rich American. So that night when we went back to the hotel, it was a small town but we went back, and when we got there I cried, I cried and cried, and my husband was very understanding, I kept thinking what would have happened to us if our parents wouldn' ; t have come back, would we be in the same financial level, or uneducated level that these people were? Or we different than they we were, or were they different than us, we were all together. And some time later I received a letter from her and she wrote to me, her situation was very sad, so I sent money, I went back 2 years later with my sister, and my niece to meet them, and I gave them cash, I gave them $500 that day, but then she kept asking for more, and my husband said you know Adele you are not responsible for them, you cannot take on the mission of maintaining them, they are all able bodied. And I realized he was right. So I never -- because I was not --. They saved my life, they saved my sisters life, but she didn' ; t, her grandmother did. And I understand the little boy that lived with us for about a year, year and half, also came to town, before I did, looking for some -- but he lives in France. Any more questions? Question: First of all thank you, but being a survivor of the situation and the hysteria and that' ; s why you left, but have you ever experienced that again, or thought history is repeating itself again, or that this could happen again to my people or other people? Zaveduk: Yes. It happened in Wisconsin, a very long, 35 years ago. Question: Did your family teach you Hebrew and Yiddish growing up? Zaveduk: No. (inaudible) Question: the other people that have spoken to us have said that there are 2 or 3 things that are most important to them that people should remember in order to live better ways, such as ways as Answer: Accepting people for what they are, for who they are, and what they can bring. We all believe in somebody of a higher power than us. And who we call it is not important, to me the most important thing is to be a good human being. Respect each other, avoid hurting each other, and sadly enough when you look at the news it' ; s happening out there. . It' ; s happening in Europe, it' ; s happening everywhere, it' ; s sad. It' ; s very very sad. And that' ; s why I go to schools, I don' ; t do it for -- there is no reason for me to come here to talk, to explain what happened to me, but maybe if I can enrich one child, 2 child, that later on they will remember what I said to them , and they will know the difference of right and wrong. Question: (Inaudible) Zaveduk: Yes in Denmark, yes they did. And they were the only country that really helped. So yes he did. Question: Do you miss France? Zaveduk: No, the United States is my country, but I go back there. Question: (Inaudible) Zaveduk: (Inaudible) Question: Were you angry at the French when you found out they collaborated? Answer: Yeah, it wasn' ; t too long ago that the French president finally recognized what the French did to the Jews. This was 2 years ago, last year, and until then they didn' ; t feel like they did anything wrong. They felt they were victims too, and they were, they were not taken away and killed just because they were French. They took away the French because they were French-Jews. The French and Jews were living in France for hundreds of years. It' ; s amazing what the power of one person can do. And the fear that that man put everybody in is just awful. Because when children have to deport their parents and parents have to deport their children, because you said something about freedom, because you said something about the government, because you said something and the children heard that the children would go to school and tell the Germans and the Germans would come and take the parents to prison. That' ; s fear, that' ; s (inaudible). That' ; s fear, that' ; s not because I don' ; t like you, or I don' ; t want you around me because you' ; ve got hair or you' ; ve got glasses, that' ; s absurd. That' ; s the impression but it' ; s amazing that one person can do that over millions. I hope that never happens again. Question: I' ; m just curious, you went to college in Buenos Aries? Zaveduk: I went to school in Buenos Aries. Question: And what did you study? Zaveduk: I did my high school there Question: Oh ok, did you go on to Zaveduk: No I didn' ; t go on. Question: And how many children do you have? Zaveduk: I have two sons. One was born in Buenos Aries and one was born here. Question: and how old are they? Zaveduk: Oh my god. One is 50 and one is 40. I hate to tell you but this year they will be 41 and 51. I have 2 granddaughters. Vopat: Thank you very much. Adele has some documents she wants to show us. Adele: These are the documents the Germans had, I have a book at home, I cannot carry it because it' ; s too heavy but (inaudible) now this one, is in French, it' ; s about convoy 46 it left Paris February 9th, 1943 and arrived at Auschwitz February 11. They kind of describe what happened, who went there, but that last paragraph was really, was really what pushed me to become a speaker for the museum. They arrived at Auschwitz on February 11th, 1943, there were hundreds of people in the convoy, cattle trains, no food, no water, no wash rooms no nothing. They were packed like sardines. Half of them were dead when they arrived. Out of those thousand people, 77 men and 92 women were selected to survive. All of the other ones were sent to the gas chamber immediately. They women were tattooed number 32469-35459. My mother' ; s number on her arm, I didn' ; t make a picture of it, her number was 34022. She had a number here. When I saw that it was like a (inaudible). At the end of the war 1945 only 21 people had survived out of 1000. 7 of them were women, one of them was my mother. It' ; s amazing. The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System video Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the University of Wisconsin - Parkside Archives and Area Research Center. 0 UWPMC018_Zaveduk_2004.xml UWPMC018_Zaveduk_2004.xml
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Adele Zaveduk Presentation, 2009
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Adele Zaveduk, Holocaust survivor from France, recalls her experiences before, during, and after the Holocaust.
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Holocaust
France
Genocide
Date
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2009-04-29
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video
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https://archives.uwp.edu/files/original/a73ce63e7fe8446c1bf0a66ad8408f29.JPG
27733272bdb0394f8fcc76f749419fc2
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Title
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Carole Gottlieb Vopat Holocaust Survivor Speaker Series
Oral History
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Interviewee
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George Kennedy
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https://archives.uwp.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=UWPMC018_Kennedy_2007.xml
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5.4 George Kennedy Presentation, 2007 56:36 UWP Manuscript Collection 018 Carole Gottlieb Vopat Holocaust Survivor Speaker Series UWPMC018 Carole Gottlieb Vopat Holocaust Survivor Speaker Series University of Wisconsin - Parkside Archives & ; Area Research Center Holocaust Hungary Genocide George Kennedy mp4 UWPMC018_Kennedy_2007.mp4 1:|9(2)|15(11)|23(5)|31(4)|39(1)|48(2)|55(11)|62(3)|69(7)|77(1)|85(14)|93(5)|101(6)|107(12)|116(3)|123(10)|130(15)|137(11)|145(8)|154(1)|161(13)|169(1)|178(6)|187(10)|195(12)|204(8)|212(5)|218(17)|229(2)|238(8)|246(13)|254(3)|264(1)|271(10)|278(14)|287(6)|297(13)|304(1)|314(4)|320(7)|330(5)|337(12)|346(4)|354(2)|362(1)|371(6)|378(10)|384(12)|393(1)|403(2)|414(5)|422(10)|429(9)|437(12)|445(11)|462(9) 0 Kaltura video < ; iframe id=" ; kaltura_player" ; src=" ; https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/p/2370711/sp/237071100/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/42909941/partner_id/2370711?iframeembed=true& ; playerId=kaltura_player& ; entry_id=1_uqkcilee& ; flashvars[streamerType]=auto& ; amp ; flashvars[localizationCode]=en& ; amp ; flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true& ; amp ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true& ; amp ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left& ; amp ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true& ; amp ; flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true& ; amp ; flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical& ; amp ; flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false& ; amp ; flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true& ; amp ; flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder& ; amp ; flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true& ; amp ; flashvars[Kaltura.addCrossoriginToIframe]=true& ; amp ; & ; wid=1_5ejfggaf" ; width=" ; 608" ; height=" ; 342" ; allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen allow=" ; autoplay * ; fullscreen * ; encrypted-media *" ; sandbox=" ; allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-modals allow-orientation-lock allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-presentation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" ; frameborder=" ; 0" ; title=" ; Kaltura Player" ; > ; < ; /iframe> ; English 363 Changes after Hitler’s Rise to Power We were comfortable there, we lived well, we spoke Hungarian, I still don’t speak Yiddish. Hungarians who lived in the basic part of Hungary spoke Hungarian, period. Occasionally in school we learned German, we learned many other languages, which is different than American schools. Kennedy talks about his experiences during Hitler’s rise to power and his views as both a Hungarian and a Jew. 821 Invasion of Hungary and Life in Labor Camps Eventually the Germans felt that Hungary wasn’t doing everything the Germans wanted, they didn’t give food enough to support the German cause, so on March 19th 1944, and Germany invaded occupied Hungary. All in less than one day, there was no fight, Hungarians were out there with flowers to see the German conquerors, German soldiers. Kennedy recalls his time as a prisoner of the Germans and the conditions and hardships he and his fellow prisoners faced. 1652 Freedom The next day a Russian soldier sauntered to the area where we were. I turned to my buddy and I said Sam it looks like were free, let’s go eat. Looked to the sun, Budapest was east of there, and we started walking. And two weeks we walked in. When we got there I saw a Russian soldier and I asked him for something to eat. He went back to his unit and came back with a piece of lard. Kennedy tells of how he was freed by the Russians, his journey home, and life after the war. 2227 Question and Answer Question: So you were captured for how long? Answer: Exactly one year. I was taken April 17, the week of the 17th 1944-1945 that was another thing that I only managed to be in for a year. Kennedy answers questions about his life and his experiences during the Holocaust. Oral History George Kennedy, Holocaust survivor from Hungary, shares his experiences before, during, and after the Holocaust. George Kennedy: I was very glad to be asked to talk about the subject of the Holocaust, in a way it' ; s almost my anniversary. Yesterday was the 60th year that I was taken by the Nazi' ; s. --- Before I start talking about what happened to me, let me talk to you about the country of Hungary, I don' ; t know how much, how familiar you are with it. Can you hear me? Ok good. Hungary is a small country approximately the size of Indiana, population depending on who won that years' ; war, depending on what part they took back, or gave to Hungary. Its size and population changed through the years. There was a Hungary before the First World War, it ended in 1919-1920, the war ended in 1919 and the treaty was in 1920 by the name of Versailles. Near Versailles was a small town called Trianon, and that was a Hungarian peace treaty. That took part of Hungary away, took the top part by Czechoslovakia, the east part by Romania, another small part to Yugoslavia and a part to the west to Austria. So Hungary' ; s size changed, and therefore the population changed. Hitler gave part of Czechoslovakia and part of Romania to Hungary ; Hitler got something for it in return. The population that came from the Czech area mostly the northeast part of Hungary near Galicia there were very many Jews, a big predominance of Jews. Generally Hungary was 60% Catholic, Roman Catholic, about 30% Protestant, and the remainder were Jews and a few Muslims, not too many of them. During the height of Hungary, Hungary had approximately one million Jews, that' ; s a lot of Jews for one small country. I was one of them, my parents were one of them, my grandparents, we were Hungarians. We considered ourselves Hungarian, whose religion happened to be Jewish. We were not Jews, we were Hungarians whose religion was Jewish. There is a difference. We lived well. We were middle class people, my father worked for the Budapest Transit Authority, he worked in an office. I don' ; t know if you are familiar with Milwaukee transit or Chicago transit authority, but it was similar with the Budapest Transit Authority. He worked there for 30 years. All his coworkers were Christian, they were very good people, very friendly people. I remember going into his office, I learned how to type, I saw the first adding machine there, it wasn' ; t like todays adding machines and calculators, it was a machine that you pull down the levers, and you moved over and that' ; s how you did multiplications. It was a lot of fun to go there, to visit my father. His coworkers said when things started getting really bad, they said " ; Don' ; t worry, we will protect you. You' ; re our friends, we will take care of it, don' ; t worry that you are Jewish" ; . Hungary cooperated with Germany, Hungary provided for Germany, meat, bread, agricultural byproducts and Germany in return gave protection to Hungary in machinery. It was a good cooperation that was going on. This was going on in the 1930' ; s, were still talking about the 1930' ; s. In 1933 when Hitler came to power, (unintelligible). There were difficulties in the office, Jews were demoted. But at the same time when I talk to my friends they ask me " ; was there any thought of us leaving Hungary?" ; No. Absolutely not, there was no discussion, no talk, no thinking about leaving Hungary. We were comfortable there, we lived well, we spoke Hungarian, I still don' ; t speak Yiddish. Hungarians who lived in the basic part of Hungary spoke Hungarian, period. Occasionally in school we learned German, we learned many other languages, which is different than American schools. In High School, we had Hungarian, German, Latvian, English, we had Italian, and we had Greek, not Hebrew, not Yiddish, not Jewish. That was religious. We had a class just how you have literature and you have geography and you have gym, we also had a class called religion. I went to a Jewish school ; I think there were one or two non-Jews among my classmates, the rest of us were all Jewish. In the 1930' ; s when Hitler came to power, that' ; s when things got bad. First they brought Hungarian Jewish laws, that meant they were limiting Jewish participation, in any business, in any culture, any culture, education, and culture was very low so that didn' ; t affect us too much, university did not accept Jewish enrollment. If you were a Jew you could difficultly, get into a class occasionally, but not regularly, you couldn' ; t become a doctor, you couldn' ; t become an engineer, an architect, a librarian. They accepted a few to become teachers, they accepted a few to become lawyers. I wanted always to become an engineer, my father wanted me to become an engineer and I wanted to be an engineer. But you couldn' ; t get into engineering school because we were Jewish. There were signs on streets, in front of restaurants and other establishments, signs that said dogs and Jews not welcome. You notice dogs got first billing. They brought a law that you have to prove that you lived in Hungary, or your parents lived in Hungary, paid taxes 100 years before. Just think of yourselves, this is 2007. How many of you could prove with papers that your ancestors paid taxes in 1907? I think a number of you would fail. So what they did if you couldn' ; t prove it, you weren' ; t Hungarian and you lost your citizenship. (Unintelligable) and to live in a country you' ; re not a citizen of is very uncomfortable. There were lawsuits. One of the most famous lawsuits was the Blood Libel suit. He said that, I don' ; t know if you know that we call Easter Passover but we eat unleavened bread, it is a flat bread that is cooked like a cracker, you may have seen it, I don' ; t know, it' ; s called Matzo. And they said that Jews are making matzo by capturing Christian children, killing them, and using their blood to make the matzo. They took that so seriously that there was a lawsuit. There was a family that lost their child, took the Jew to court and said that the Jew took this kid, killed him and used his blood to make Matzo. And people believed this. They exiled Jews out of any kind of public life. But we still lived because this was our country, we lived there, we were Hungarians. We would think this was just a temporary thing, things would change later on. Hitler is a passing fancy, it will go away and things will be right again. It didn' ; t. 1939 came, as you probably know World War 2 broke out September 1, 1939. I was in our apartment, we lived in an apartment building, and we had a small apartment. I was playing chess with a friend of mine and I heard the radio in the other room saying that war broke out, Germany invaded Poland. I continued playing chess, saying your move, it didn' ; t really affect me, it wasn' ; t going to affect me, it was in a place far away, but it really wasn' ; t that far away, but I thought it was far away it could not affect me. It actually affected my whole life, my whole family' ; s life. Going back a little bit too where we were before, I mentioned that we were really blessed people. We vacationed, probably because my father was working for a transportation company, conducting these, you paid less for transportation these ways, boats, and we visited all surrounding countries. I had a small rowboat and we' ; d go out with the guys to the Danube river rowing. We lived a very nice comfortable life. But all that changed 1939, September. Eventually the Germans felt that Hungary wasn' ; t doing everything the Germans wanted, they didn' ; t give food enough to support the German cause, so on March 19th 1944, and Germany invaded occupied Hungary. All in less than one day, there was no fight, Hungarians were out there with flowers to see the German conquerors, German soldiers. They were very happy about it. Shortly the attitude of the Hungarians towards the Jews was, I was in Hungary visiting a friend of mine about 30 years ago, I haven' ; t been back since. My friend was driving a car, I was in the car, we had a small hit with another car, we didn' ; t get hurt, the car didn' ; t get hurt, it was a small bump, the guy got out of his car, my friend got out, the other guy got out, they examined and saw there was nothing wrong with the car, and the guy returned to my friend and he said " ; You dirty Jew" ; -- inaudible. To begin with the Hungarian language is a barrier to any kind of communication. That language, I don' ; t know if you' ; re familiar with it, it comes from a Finnish-Yugo Language group. I' ; m jumping back and forth. Hungarians moved to the present day Hungary from way beyond the Ural Mountains, the Ural mountains are in Prussia, it' ; s sort of the divider between Asia and Europe. And the people started moving west. And eventually separated into 3 groups. One group in the North became the Fins, one group went south and became the Turks and one group went across the Carpathian Mountains became the Magyar. In 896 they crossed the Carpathian Mountains and occupied the area inside, and that became Hungary. But that language was so different than any other language that it separated them from the rest of Europe just like the Alps separate Switzerland from the rest of Europe. It gave protection and don' ; t need the outside to those mountains. So the Hungarians moved naturally, and Hitler wanted to occupy all of Europe. Going back to 1944, we were talking about this previous area more, not as much as we want to be to concentrate on what happened during the war. March ' ; 44 Germany occupied Hungary, a few weeks later I was ordered into a labor camp, and this was April 7th 1944, and they said just bring the clothing you have on you, bring food for just 3 days, I don' ; t know how they picked that. And come in --/ and the 3 days lasted the rest of the war, the clothing I was wearing had to last the rest of the year, the rest of the war. Eventually we did some work, building roads, digging ditches, after a while the work we did was really meaningless, they told us to dig a ditch here, move the dirt to the left, then move the dirt back into the ditch, they were just making work, it wasn' ; t really necessary. After a while they took us into the Carpathian Mountains and the work became a little bit worse. We were cutting down hundreds of feet high trees and cutting them down and laying them on the road next to each other and making easy driving areas for the German tanks. We were working from 4 in the morning until 10 at night. At that point you have to stand in formation, at attention like this, they counted us left to right, right to left and there was nowhere and those number never came out right. So we just had to stand like that for hours and if you couldn' ; t stand like this for a couple of hours and you collapsed you were either beaten or sometimes you were shot. The food at that point was at that point a cup or black soup, a cup of coffee, and a piece of black bread. The bread was so small that they gave it to one guy and said this is for the 4 of you, you divide it. It was a small piece of bread, soup and coffee. We were doing that for a while up in the Carpathians, no shelter, no roof over our heads, no extra clothing except the ones we came in, my shoes lost their sole, not lost but worn out. And we were poor. I remember August 13, 1944, a day I' ; ll never forget, there was frost on the ground, in August. There was one day, I don' ; t know why but he decided on me, and he said Jew you see that bridge over there? And I said yes sir, and he said well if the Russians move the front we have to move further west, and we will put your whole god damn group on top of that bridge and blow up the bridge together with you. Sometimes I get the question " ; Did you try to escape?" ; Just think to yourself. You' ; re in Wisconsin. Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, and Michigan they all have the same feelings towards you as Wisconsin, where are you going to go? There was no place to go to, because all the surrounding countries around Hungary were of the same feeling, under Hitler' ; s thumb, as Hungary was, so there' ; s no place to go. Besides it was impossible to escape. One day in spite of all that I attempted to. I went into a farmers house, I went up the second floor into the hay loft, and I hid in the hay, and I looked out and saw the farmer go to the Nazi and say there' ; s a Jew up there, catch him. Hearing this I got out and started running towards the mountains and I got caught, and the soldier led me to a ditch, stuck his rifle into my stomach and said Jew, jump. That saved me later on because I fell into the ditch. Somebody up there, wherever that is, protected me, because another higher ranking officer came over, told the solider to go away that there' ; s more important things than just killing one Jew. And like that I crawled out and rejoined my buddies. As I mentioned it was very cold out there, we decided that there were 6 of us together, and 3 would lay together underground in the mud, and then lay on top of it, and the guys underground would get a little bit warm, and then we rotated every hour or so, so different guys got the warmth too. I keep saying guys because we were only male. Girls, women were someplace else, I don' ; t know, we were only men. After a while I was taken to a brick kiln on the Austrian border. A brick kiln is a round building with a furnace in the middle, and space underneath where they dig the clay, and they threw it on the furnace, it dries out and make a bricks out of it? This time there were no bricks there, there were Jews there. We were lined shoulder to shoulder all the way around, a guy touching me on both sides. On the one side of me was an engineer. He died one night, I couldn' ; t report his death because this way we got his soup the next day. I had two days of soup. We all got sick. We got typhoid fever, we had lice all over. We didn' ; t have food, we didn' ; t have medication, and we didn' ; t have doctors. Many of them died. But at that point we didn' ; t really do much work, the only work was burying our buddies who died in the night. One day I was selected for that role, and this was very good because at least then I got out of that horrible hell hole. Dark, dismal, cold, full of lice, full of sick people. The next job was digging the big ditch, taking the dead ones and heaving them in, poor lime on top of them, then another layer of dead people, then another layer of lime. I remember one day when I was doing this, I don' ; t really remember the circumstances, I got a green apple from somebody, I didn' ; t want, that apple was the perfect fruit, I didn' ; t want them to take it away from me, so I went into the grave, laid down next to a dead one and I ate my green apple. There was one kid with us, he was maybe 14 years old, and he carried with him, under his hat a cigar box, and somebody asked him what is in the box, and he wouldn' ; t tell him. One day he said come here I' ; ll show you what' ; s in the box, so I go over and he opens the box and there were 6 or 8 pieces of I don' ; t really know what, pieces of something in the box. I said what are those? He said those are my toes, they froze off during the weather, I broke them off and I hope that after the war somebody will be able to reattach them. This is the example of the mental condition that one gets. Many people died, I didn' ; t. I wasn' ; t stronger than the rest, I was luckier. Anyway this went on until the beginning of 1945 up to March of ' ; 45. Then one day there were fights outside, airplanes and tanks going up and down, like a marvelous war movie but we were a part of it, when the bombs were falling we were in there. When it quieted down, the guards disappeared. The rest of the day nothing happened. The next day a Russian soldier sauntered to the area where we were. I turned to my buddy and I said Sam it looks like were free, let' ; s go eat. Looked to the sun, Budapest was east of there, and we started walking. And two weeks we walked in. When we got there I saw a Russian soldier and I asked him for something to eat. He went back to his unit and came back with a piece of lard. I don' ; t know if you know about lard, it' ; s a piece of fat, solid fat, no meat on it, just solid fat, which is terrible for somebody who didn' ; t eat decent food for a year. We got to the field, pulled out turnips, we ate this solid fat and the turnips. The first night we got into a deserted house, as we slept in the middle of the night there was a knocking and hitting the door. I got up and there was a Russian soldier there, and he talked and I got up and said I don' ; t speak Russian. He shoved his weapon and all of a sudden there stood another Russian at the door, and he started jabbering something I don' ; t know what he said. But at one point he did like this, and automatically I put my hand up to block his hit. Then he left, he was gone. And he hurt me, I took my shirt off there is a cut there on my hand, he knifed me. I' ; m saying this story, to tell you that those Russians, one was good, gave me food, the other one knifes me on the same day. They were all over. They were Cossacks by the way. Cossacks. Anyway, I walked home with this fellow, in two weeks. I' ; ll go back to that point later on. First I want to talk about my father, I was an only child. My father and mother were home when I was taken. After a while they came into the apartment building, the Nazis, and they said, all men downstairs. All men including kids who were 6 years old, and some who were 80 years old. And they took every one of them including my father. My father was 52 years old. They marched him toward Germany, the last we knew of him when he crossed the border out of Germany, we never found out what happened to him. He was 52. My mother not much after that was taken to the Budapest ghetto. I don' ; t remember much to describe but I' ; ll describe to you what the ghetto is. The whole city at the beginning had lots and lots of Jews. Several hundred thousand Jews. There were many Jews living in Budapest. And they take all the Jews that live in the whole city and they squeezed them into an area of 3-4 square blocks. They put the fences, walls, across the street, so there was no in and out movement from the ghetto. They were all in one small, small area, only about 3-4 blocks in size. My mother lived in a room, not in a house, but one room. A lot of you have bedrooms at home. 28 people. There was a bucket in the corner, there was no medicine, no doctors ; I don' ; t know how they got food. And the war was going on outside, and she lived in that, and obviously many people died. And that made room to move someone else in there, and they got very, very sick. My mother survived that but she became very, very sick after. So going back to when I came home, I found my mother, and her first words to me were God kept me alive so someone should tell you what happened during this last year. We talked, we talked, she told her story, and I told my story. And she died before we finished telling all the stories, she was 49 years old. So my parents, I lost my father at age 52, my mother at 49. I was lucky in age, I was 20 at that time. Which at that age, I was tough enough, I was adult enough, I wasn' ; t too old to do what was expected to survive. My grandparents lived in a suburb of Budapest, many of my aunts, uncles, cousins, so forth lived there. In 1944 they moved them into a ghetto, the next day they moved them with railroad cars to Auschwitz. I sure you have all heard of the name Auschwitz, it' ; s a town in Poland with well-known extermination camps. The railroad cars they moved them in had signs on it, for 8 horses or 40 men. Well the Germans put 100 Jews into that railroad car. No sanitary, no food, no facilities, other than they couldn' ; t even sit down, they had to be standing like that, sometimes it would be 3 or 4 days. They arrived at Auschwitz, the next day they gassed them, and up they went the chimney. After the war I drew up a family tree of ours, that has uncles, aunts, cousins, parents, grandparents, everybody on it, there were over 100 names of family, of those over 100 names, my cousin survived, my uncle, and I. Three. People will say there was no holocaust, my family, then what happened to those people? By the way, the cousin that survived after the war, he tried to leave Hungary to go any place, and he said I looked at the map what was farthest away from Europe, farthest away from Hungary, it was Australia. He still lives in Sydney. The uncle who survived, moved to England, he has since died, so right now the only survivors are my cousin in Sydney and I. I came home and the next day went to the university but I wasn' ; t accepted because of being a Jew before the war. It' ; s sad, sometimes they ask me " ; How did you survive?" ; " ; Why?" ; I could tell you all kinds of stories, it' ; s one word, luck. I was lucky, I was luckier than many of the others. I could sit here and talk but I would like to answer some questions that you probably do have about this period. Anybody? Question: Can you describe what was life like with um the other people you were with, were there friendships that were made or was it every person fought for survival or was it anything like. Answer: Yes, we a decided a group, have any of you seen the movie Band of Brothers (unintelligible). Because 3 friends of mine decided when we went in that we were going to be a band of brothers. We shared everything together, the 4 of us were very lucky. All four of us survived. One of them is an orthopedic surgeon in Hungary, retired, one is an architect in Hungary, I, and one became a judge, first he went to Israel, he joined the army, fought in 4 wars, became a judge in the court, became a very high ranking judge in Israel. Since he died, he died has nothing to do with the holocaust. As far as everybody for themselves, I would say we were very cooperative with each other, help each other, there were so fights obviously but we tried to help each other pretty much. Maybe not as how our 4 friends did but everybody had, I remember there was one guy who before the war was a barber, he came with his barber tools and he cut our hair and shaved our faces, and everyone contributed what they could to make our existence a little bit easier, than it would be without it. So that was good. Obviously there were arguments, like there are amongst you that sometimes you want to give someone a piece of who you are. Just argue with not fight. Question: So you were captured for how long? Answer: Exactly one year. I was taken April 17, the week of the 17th 1944-1945 that was another thing that I only managed to be in for a year. Many Polish Jews were in for 3-4 years. And going back to the previous question, those Polish Jews were pretty rough on our Jews because they said we didn' ; t suffer for years like they did, you had your theaters, you had your booze, you were vacationing, you lived well while we were in captivity. And they were not on the -- as our captives. There were incident like that but generally I would say there was -- nature with each other. Anyone else? Question: How do you keep hope alive in such difficult circumstances? Answer: Very good question. When I was taken away my parents were at home, my grandparents were home, my uncles, aunts were at home. I was the first one to be taken away. So as far as I was concerned I had a whole family at home, I must survive. I said the Buda gets me, that' ; s the best I can do, but I must do my best to survive. I had to come back to a big family so that kind of helped my survival. On the other hand when my father was taken away, I don' ; t know anything about it, but I' ; m picturing it in my mind, his only son was taken, I remember the last dinner we had before I was taken, and my father said I raised my child and now I might have enjoyment with him, not from him but with him. I was 20. They take him away from me. But I also heard from my mother when I was taken, came home from the apartment to live there and she snuck after me and saw as her only son was taken away. So I suppose my parents were sure, their joy, their son, I' ; m not sure that I was a joy but, that joy, that hope was taken away from them. So I' ; m sure that the hope that that was was that I had a family to go home to. Question: When did you come to the U.S. and what was your first impression of it? Answer: It was nothing, nothing, all truth. I mentioned that I came home. I got a question, I have been talking to a lot of Chicago area inner city schools. One kind one day asked me, have you thought of revenge when you got out? And my answer was yes, but I didn' ; t do anything about it because my future was more important than any revenge. I remember one day I saw my suit, I had this big funny what they called a Zoot Suit, cuffs on the side, one day I saw this suit on somebody on the other side of the street, probably took it from my house. I swallowed and I kept on walked. I came home one day, the next day I went to the university to register as an engineering student, something I was not able to do before the war because I was a Jew. I went to university, studied engineering and one day I was given the opportunity to apply for it and ended up getting a scholarship to the United States, through an organization you may have heard the name the -- foundation. It' ; s a Jewish organization it gave scholarships to students who were studying in university, that were good students, good records, and they received scholarships, I got one of them. My friends applied for it, he didn' ; t get it, and I got it. Anyway the scholarship brought me out in 1947. At Texas A& ; M. I graduated from there in civil engineering specializing in structures and structural engineer, then I applied for another scholarship to, I applied to 3 schools in Wisconsin, Michigan and California for master work. And I decided that whoever accept me first, I go there. Wisconsin was it. I went to Madison, I got my master' ; s degree there and from there I got a job offer in Chicago at a large architectural engineering firm. I came back in ' ; 55 and started my own company, it' ; s still in existence in Chicago right now. Question: You had said that one of the times, 30 years ago you had gone back Hungary you encountered some, people, a person that -- are there times since you' ; ve gone back that you experience this -- or has it declined. Answer: My family described this, during the communists, the communist rule of Hungary, it was illegal to be openly anti-Semitic in Hungary. Since the communists, people are allowed to be openly anti-Semitic. Anti-Semitism was always there, they during the communist years couldn' ; t say it allowed but they were still anti-Semitic, as today. I remember seeing advertising posters when I was a little kid, a poster showed a barrel with holes in and blood coming out of the hole, the caption was " ; This is Christian God that Jews killed and they put into a barrel and this is his blood flowing out of the barrel" ; . The terrible thing is this poster existed and people saw and they said well there must be something to it, they wouldn' ; t say it. Propaganda minister of Germany, Goebbels, said " ; if you say something loud and often enough people will believe it" ; . Where there is smoke there is fire. Obviously there wasn' ; t, but people believed it. So there was, and it still is there, but the Hungarians did so much better than anyone else around in Europe, mostly because of their language and the issue of background but they believed in the country itself. Anti-Semitism will always exist. I read a few, I' ; d recommend a few books to you, I have no personal interest if you read or don' ; t read it it' ; s just for your own edification. One book you might not read, but you will look at the focus of it--Daniel Goldhagen, he' ; s a Harvard professor. The name of the book is " ; Hitler' ; s Willing Executioners." ; It' ; s a very big book, like 900 pages, it' ; s full of photographs, full of documents, Xeroxed documents. Amongst them, a photograph of a German soldier holding a rifle to the head of a little kid, and what' ; s terrible about it is someone took this picture, sent it home to his girlfriend, the back of the picture said look what we are doing -- be proud of it. Some of the other pictures are them take a knife and shaving the side of his hair and face, no soap, just cutting it off with a knife. A lot of the photographs document what the S.S. did all on their own, Hitler could not have done it-- he' ; s not the only bad man. He could not have accomplished what he did accomplish without the full cooperation of German, not German those were other who were just as bad and they weren' ; t Germans. Question: Could you spell the authors name? Answer: Goldhagan Vopat: It' ; s on reserve in the library. Kennedy: Don' ; t buy it, its best you go to the library. Another one that I got the last couple of years, the author is, Kertesz. I used to teach engineering at Purdue and Illinois Institute of Technology, in those days there were no overhead projectors, just three large blackboards like this. Speaking and lecturing from six to nine, at nine o' ; clock I couldn' ; t talk from all the chalk dust. This is the author' ; s name, the name of the book is called " ; Fateless" ; , they made a movie out of it, that is a rather (unintelligible). He got the Nobel Prize for literature a couple--two or three years ago, he lives in Germany but published it in Hungarian, it' ; s a Hungarian book. " ; Fateless" ; is the name of the book. Another interesting book I read, the authors name is this, Pogany, the name is " ; Am I My Brother' ; s Keeper?" ; It' ; s a true story, documented about a Jewish family. Half of the family converts to Catholicism, one of them becomes a Catholic priest, the other one-- some of them stay as a Jew, some of the become Catholic, non-practicing Catholic. When Hitler came, they were equally tortured. The Catholic priest escapes out of Hungary, goes to Italy, and lives through the war in a monastery. The rest of the family is in Hungary. The mother of the family clutches a crucifix as she walks into the gas chamber in Auschwitz. The only difference was that we were wearing 4 inch diameter yellow star of David. They wore white star of David. That was the difference. It' ; s a very interesting book. The discussion between the Catholic priest brother and the one who goes through camps and decides in the camps to reconvert and becomes a Jew again. By the way, sometimes people ask me about a name on my arm, but I do not have a number on my arm because those things were only in the major extermination camps like Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Bergen-Belsen and a few others, but besides that there were hundreds and hundreds of minor small sub camps, I was in one of them, that were not extermination camps, meaning they didn' ; t exterminate you like my grandparents were. Arrived, gassed, (unintelligible) and up the chimney. There were supposedly labor camps that turned into concentration camps, we didn' ; t get numbered, and didn' ; t keep track of what happened to us, no one kept track of--At least no knowledgeable (unintelligible) on what happened to the others, the other (unintelligible). There were marches and people who couldn' ; t march fast enough, straggled, stayed back, and the easiest thing was they shot them, and they stayed on the roadside, died there. Vopat: Mr. Kennedy, you said that you knew, your father knew and family knew when you were going to be taken? How did that happen, what did they do? Answer: They received a letter, you are to report to a certain place. Bring food and the clothes you were wearing. Vopat: Who was it from? Answer: The government, the Hungarian government Vopat: The Hungarian government? Kennedy: The Hungarian government. The Hungarian government at that point did everything the Germans wanted. During that time, they were just as bad, maybe even worse in some instances than the Germans. I remember we were in the Carpathian Mountains and we were working, and we didn' ; t know about D-day. One day we found out there was a landing in Western Europe and we were told that " ; we are sweeping the Americans into the ocean" ; . We said well, if they are sweeping them into the ocean that means Americans must have landed and that' ; s the only reason we found out about D-day at all. We were kept out in the forest, no contact with anybody. The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System video Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the University of Wisconsin-Parkside Archives & ; Area Research Center. 0 UWPMC018_Kennedy_2007.xml UWPMC018_Kennedy_2007.xml
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George Kennedy Presentation, 2007
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George Kennedy, Holocaust survivor from Hungary, shares his experiences before, during, and after the Holocaust.
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Holocaust
Hungary
Genocide
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2007-04-18
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video
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Documenting COVID-19
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COVID_RK
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COVID_RK_085
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Janiece Nye receives first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine at Froedtert South
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As the Brits say, I got the "jab".
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Still image
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Color photograph
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Kenosha, Wisconsin
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2020-12-16
Subject
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COVID-19 (Disease)
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Abigail Nye
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UW-Parkside
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https://archives.uwp.edu/files/original/de4a6937540f4b30d9ebe9df3f625c4b.jpg
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Documenting COVID-19
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COVID_RK
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COVID_RK_084
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Thank you note to the Racine Public Library
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Text
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Letter
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Racine, Wisconsin
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2020-11-16
Subject
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COVID-19 (Disease)
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UW-Parkside
Description
An account of the resource
A member of the Racine community thanks the library staff for their work during the pandemic.
-
https://archives.uwp.edu/files/original/a585c6355dee10b3fd4b1483eef1438e.jpg
4de279762da2ffbe7c53de14cff38d6a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Documenting COVID-19
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Series Number
The series number of the original collection.
COVID_RK
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
COVID_RK_083
Title
A name given to the resource
Belle City Veterinarian
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Color photograph
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Racine, Wisconsin
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-12-10
Subject
The topic of the resource
COVID-19 (Disease)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UW-Parkside
Description
An account of the resource
Staff at Belle City Vet come to the clients in their cars.
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https://archives.uwp.edu/files/original/38b061ca5438be539b88b57e6b4c25a7.jpg
7563227b83271614bc5d4971fa0131b9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Documenting COVID-19
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Series Number
The series number of the original collection.
COVID_RK
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
COVID_RK_082
Title
A name given to the resource
Voting box in Racine
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Color photograph
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Racine, Wisconsin
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-10-28
Subject
The topic of the resource
COVID-19 (Disease)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UW-Parkside
-
https://archives.uwp.edu/files/original/9ad1df502b0adc984cb0ec622a19fb69.jpg
b75973290c1353e3210bad8bc275b428
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Documenting COVID-19
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Series Number
The series number of the original collection.
COVID_RK
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
COVID_RK_081
Title
A name given to the resource
Covid-19 testing at CVS pharmacy
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Color photograph
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Kenosha, Wisconsin
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-10-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
COVID-19 (Disease)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UW-Parkside
Description
An account of the resource
Self swab instructions are posted in the window of the Drive-thru testing site at CVS pharmacy in Kenosha.
-
https://archives.uwp.edu/files/original/76a480f5137e8b5d6fed7ed4b6097f8d.jpg
d875d31e0e50f27f4c1d34a2b2ff31dd
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Documenting COVID-19
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Series Number
The series number of the original collection.
COVID_RK
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
COVID_RK_080
Title
A name given to the resource
Waiting for a Covid -19 test
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Color photograph
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Kenosha, Wisconsin
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-10-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
COVID-19 (Disease)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UW-Parkside
Description
An account of the resource
Sitting in my car in the drive-thru at CVS pharmacy in Kenosha.
-
https://archives.uwp.edu/files/original/7fac2c1b84beff4661e56720ca860d57.jpg
2cc5d59594fafb08a2493f5a79979a0c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Documenting COVID-19
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Series Number
The series number of the original collection.
COVID_RK
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
COVID_RK_079
Title
A name given to the resource
Sign at Joann Fabrics
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Color photograph
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Racine, Wisconsin
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-10-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
COVID-19 (Disease)
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UW-Parkside